Volume 4

The Photodetachment Microscopy experiment was first carried out in the presence of an electric field by Blondel et al in 1996 for Bromine negative ion. It measures the spatial distribution of ejected electrons on the detector screen which is a direct view of the spatial structure of the wave function of an atomic electron in the form of a ring pattern. From a semi-classical point of view, this ring pattern is formed because of the interference between two electron waves; one is direct while the other is reflected from an electric field. Following Blondel’s photodetachment microscopy experiment, a formula that displays the Newton Rings is derived using a theoretical imaging technique or hydrogen negative ion near a plane interface. The interface means an elastic plane in the vicinity of the source of photoelectrons. The direct and reflected electron waves in this formula generate quantum interference in the form of Newton Rings. It is found that the number of rings increases as we increase the photon energy of the laser light. This finding is in accordance with the very well-known Einstein photoelectric effect which finally provides help to find the electron affinity of the hydrogen negative ion very accurately.

In this paper, we try to solve the two mostly occurred problems which are genre recognition and singer identification from common pieces of music. For that, we use a system that helps us to achieve our target that is based on a music information retrieval system, in which the system can process our files and the system can generate the desired results. The system is divided into different phases and for the music recognition, first, there is a need to separate the vocal features of the singer from the music clip because, with the background music, it’s slightly difficult to analyze the vocal of the singer, then extract music features, here we work on some of the music features like tempo, RMS, song duration, frequency, dynamic range, and tonality.  The RNN (recurrent neural network) has been used for training the model and testing our data set.  After the training of the models, the test classifier with different unknown audio files, and the results are 91% accurate for singer identification and 90% for music genre recognition. The system will identify the singer as well as the genre of the song from the same segment of the file. For the data set, the training data used 10 different Indian and Pakistani male and female singers’ audio files in Sindhi, Hindi, and Urdu language for six types of genres like rock, pop, jazz, disco, hip-hop, and classic. The songs were sung by only one singer, the group singing and live concerts music are limitations of our system.

The Photodetachment Microscopy experiment was first carried out in the presence of an electric field by Blondel et al in 1996 for Bromine negative ion. It measures the spatial distribution of ejected electrons on the detector screen which is a direct view of the spatial structure of the wave function of an atomic electron in the form of a ring pattern. From a semi-classical point of view, this ring pattern is formed because of the interference between two electron waves; one is direct while the other is reflected from an electric field. Following Blondel’s photodetachment microscopy experiment, a formula that displays the Newton Rings is derived using a theoretical imaging technique or hydrogen negative ion near a plane interface. The interface means an elastic plane in the vicinity of the source of photoelectrons. The direct and reflected electron waves in this formula generate quantum interference in the form of Newton Rings. It is found that the number of rings increases as we increase the photon energy of the laser light. This finding is in accordance with the very well-known Einstein photoelectric effect which finally provides help to find the electron affinity of the hydrogen negative ion very accurately.

This study intended to investigate the rotifer density and diversity from a flood plain. For this purpose, Balloki Headworks was selected. It is an area near the Ravi River that was affected by flooding. The sampling was done from April to June 2022. The highest diversity and density were observed in June and the lowest in April. Twelve species of rotifers were obtained from sampling, belonging to four different genera. Eight different physico-chemical parameters of water were measured using respective laboratory meters using standard guidelines. These parameters include the temperature of water and air, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water pH, Oxygen saturation, salinity, total dissolved solids and turbidity. It was observed that Habrotrocha ligula (Bryce, 1913) and Rotaria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) were the two most abundant species, while Philodina citrina (Ehrenberg, 1832) and Philodina acuticornis (Murray, 1902) were the least abundant.

With society’s continual technological improvements and modernity, it is critical to stay up with the advancements in instructional tools. To address this, a comprehensive study was done to investigate the elements influencing the quality of higher education in accordance with contemporary educational systems. The study sought to uncover the precise elements that have a major influence on the progress and improvement of higher education. Soft computing approaches, such as fuzzy logic, were used to anticipate the influence of numerous criteria on higher education quality, such as teacher-to-student ratio, classroom atmosphere, learning materials, current tools, managerial efforts, and academic assistance. Changes in these elements can improve students’ thinking and talents, resulting in a better society with more economic power. This work uses the fuzzy logic system in order to find that by enhancing these elements, educational quality may be improved, resulting in high-quality instruction and a better society.