2nd ICEST 2022 Proceedings

Abstract of Accepted Papers

RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS    Haroon Rasheed1 1Senior Member IEEE, Electrical Engineering Department, Bahria University Karachi *Corresponding author:  haroonrasheed.bukc@bahria.edu.pk

Abstract: The new emerging next-generation networks (NGN) 6G and beyond like Smart Grid, Vehicular Networks, I4.0 and Internet of Things enable network access across the globe anywhere everywhere. Subsequently, the number of devices connecting to network are increasing rapidly. The requirement of the new connections in NGN is increasing exponentially with time. The communication infrastructure must be able to transport more information simultaneously without affecting the latency. Further, the network bandwidth must increase faster than the demand of these connected device. Existing wireless networks are seriously restricted by limited network resources such as time, frequency, and power. For next-generation networks, appropriate resource allocation is crucial to compete with the increasing demand for services and a limited number of resources. Techniques for network performance improvement, interference between main lobes, and the efficient spectrum utilization is still a challenge for researchers. In this talk, we will focus on the continuous evaluation in Present and Next Generation Networks, which will contribute to spectrum scarcity problem in near future. Possible solutions which aims to provide opportunistic access and adapt the available frequency resources instead of conventional static resource allocation. Non-Orthogonality as a potential solution to manage these impairments will also be discussed in detail.
Keywords: NGN, Smart Grid, Next Generation Networks, Network bandwidth

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for Developing countries – prospective, Issues and Challenges   Adeel Waqas Dean National Uniiversity of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad *Corresponding author:  adeel@casen.nust.edu.pk

Abstract: Globally, buildings are responsible for 40% of the total world annual energy consumption which is responsible for one-third of greenhouse gas emissions around the world. A significant portion of this energy is used for lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning purposes in buildings. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions and CFCs triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies for buildings. Free cooling of buildings may be seen as an alternate to compressor-based air conditioning systems used for the buildings. In free cooling, nighttime cold is accumulated in storage material and extracted when needed. Latent heat storage using phase change materials (PCMs) can be used for free-cooling purposes due to their high storage density. In free cooling, using PCM as storage material, cool air during night is used to solidify the PCM and the accumulated cold is extracted during the hot day times. In this article a detailed review of work conducted by different researchers on PCM based free cooling is presented. Major challenges being faced in the design of PCM based free cooling system such as phase change materials; their thermo-physical properties and the geometry of encapsulation are elaborated and discussed in detail. Also, the parameters effecting the charging and discharging of PCM, effect of phase change temperature and climatic conditions on thermal performance of the free cooling system are also discussed.
Keywords: Greenhouse gas, CFCs, PCMs, phase change.

FUZZY Simulation of Curvilinear Microchannel for Retinal Vein Occlusion   Muhammad Javaid Afzal1, Farah Javaid2 1Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, 2Govt. Graduate APWA College (W) Lahore *Corresponding author:  javaidphy@gmail.com

Abstract: Microfluidics is a subdomain of MEMS in which minor amounts of fluids are disciplined in microchannels with submillimeter diameters to generate desired outputs. Microfluidics has transformed the field of compact system fabrication with groundbreaking innovations such as lab-on-a-chip technology. Microchannels of various architectures are created for use in microfluidic systems, depending on the device’s needed function. Retinal Vein Occlusion is an ophthalmology condition in which small veins that drain blood from the retina of the human eye become clogged or fissured, resulting in vision loss. The two most important factors in retinal veins, flow rate and velocity, were optimized at the output. Curvilinear microchannels are the optimum choice for biomedical implantation to cure Retinal Vein Occlusion. Fuzzy parametric estimations provide us with the ideal behaviors of all four micro-channels. The output optimization of four simulated microchannels demonstrates that the curvilinear microchannel is most suited for Retinal Vein Occlusion implantation. In the curved microchannel, blood flow rate and velocity are the least divergent. Although the simulated values of curved microchannels are slightly lower than the practical value, this little difference is insignificant when compared to the corresponding flow rate.
Keywords: Microfluidics, Retinal Vein Occlusion, Fuzzy Logic, Curvilinear Microchanne

Study on hydrogen isotopes behavior in zirconate proton conductors M. Khalid Hossain1,2,*, Kenichi Hashizume2 1Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh 2Dept. of Advanced Energy Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan *Corresponding author: khalid.baec@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study, hydrogen solubility and diffusivity behavior in three different proton-conducting oxides, BaZr0.9Y0.1O2.95 (BZY), BaZr0.955Y0.03Co0.015O2.97 (BZYC), and CaZr0.9In0.1O2.95 (CZI), were studied by the tritium imaging plate (TIP) technique using a hydrogen-tritium gas mixture (HT) (T = 0.0001%, ~1.3kPa) and also partially-tritiated heavy water vapor (DTO) (T = 0.1%, ~2kPa) in the temperature range of 623 to 1273 K. The hydrogen solubility and diffusivity behavior in BZY, BZYC, and CZI were also studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) using deuterium (D2), and heavy water (D2O). The oxide specimens were prepared with conventional powder metallurgy using BZY, BZYC, and CZI powders separately by being die-pressed, cold-isostatically-pressed (200MPa), and sintered in air at 1913 K for 20 h. The specimens obtained were having a disc shape (~7.5 mm in diameter, ~2.3 mm in thickness) and more than 95% TD. From Imaging Plate (IP) images for the surface of all tritium (T) exposed specimens, uniform T distribution was found. Observing cross-sectional T-concentration profiles of cut specimens allowed us to determine hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in the specimens. In all cases of tritium exposure (HT and DTO), BZYC always shows the highest hydrogen solubility, while CZI always shows the lowest one. In DTO exposure, the BZY shows the highest hydrogen diffusivity, while in HT the BZYC shows the highest one. In all cases, CZI shows almost one order lower solubility and diffusivity than the BZY and BZYC. These results mean that barium zirconates show better electrochemical performance than the calcium zirconate and that a small amount of Y and Co doping in BaZrO3 may play a vital role in the enhancement of its electrochemical activity, which is suitable for various electrochemical devices like fuel cell, hydrogen pump, hydrogen sensor, etc., and also for tritium purification and recovery system in nuclear fusion reactors.

Keywords: BaZrO3; CaZrO3; tritium, deuterium, and heavy water exposure, hydrogen solubility and diffusivity, fusion reactor materials.

Innovation in Nanoscale Catalysis for Energy Conversion, Water Splitting and Synthetic Fuels   Khurram S. Joya IUM, Madinah and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author:  khurram.joya@gmail.com

  Abstract: With the advent on innovative science, chemical research and technology, nanoscale materials can be engineered and programmed to perform specified function at macro level applications. The innovation in chemical science, nanomaterials, catalysis, and electrochemical processes for Water Splitting has a lead now for solar and chemical energy conversion. These systems can be implemented as surface immobilization along with thin-films for catalytic processes, sensing applications and for energy conversion schemes. We have innovated and developed specialized procedures and protocols to fabricate nanoscale materials and thin-film electrocatalysts for water splitting, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction/conversion, and recently controlled surface texturing for electrochemical sensing. Now we implement and developing new methods for making advanced electro-functional nanomaterials and nanoclusters derived from thin-films molecular assemblies, earth abundant nanomaterials showing great potential for high performance water splitting catalysis, synthetic fuels and for biomass conversion. In this proposal we showcase our recent research work along with the challenges in chemical energy conversion and the possible way forward.
 Index Terms: Thin-Films, Electrocatalysis, Water Splitting, Energy Conversion

Fabrication and characterization of heterogeneous metallic ions in MOF integrated nitrogen-doped carbon as advance catalystsNosheen Zafara,* , Sining Yuna , Jing Shib, Asim Arshada, and Yongwei Zhanga a Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055, China. b Department of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University City College, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710018. * Corresponding Author: noshin_zafer@yahoo.com; ashirirfan123@gmail.com

Abstract: The most promising desire and extensive research has been promoted to explore and investigate the advance electro-catalysts for clean and renewable sources for future energy supply system. A series of heterogeneous metallic ion based nitrogen doped carbon electrocatalysts integrated from metal organic frame work (MOF) have been synthesized by the process of Pyrolysis. The inherent properties of these electrocatalyst were examined by XRD, FESEM, EDX, TEM, Raman, BET, and XPS analysis. Furthermore, the deep insight of their electronic structure were explored by calculating the work function and their stable bonding by First principle DFT analysis. Recent approaches for these advance catalysts are tabulated here, highlighting with the applications of various electro catalysts in advance technology for energy appliances.

Keywords: Metal organic framework (MOF), Metal-based NDC, electrocatalysts, FESEM, TEM, DFT analysis.

Utilization of chemically modified Trifolium alexandrinum for the detoxification of Cr(III) contaminated water Muhammad Salman1, Umar Farooq1, Momal Akram1, Samra Tahir1 1School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan * Corresponding Author: salman.ayub@dce.uol.edu.pk

Abstract: This study aims to explore the adsorption capacities of chemically modified Trifolium alexandrinum for the removal of Cr (III). The modified adsorbents were characterized by utilizing the techniques of FTIR-spectra, pHpzc percentage of weight gain and by Boehm’s titration for the determination of acidic and basic groups. Influence and optimization of different parameters like dosage, pH, and time of contact, initial metal ion concentration and temperature was studied here. Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics study were also explored in this work. The equilibrium study was followed by Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacities of 94.34mg/g, 77.5mg/g and 61.73mg/g using Methanol, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde modified adsorbents, respectively. The kinetic study was best described by using the pseudo second order model. Thermodynamic study explored the endothermic nature of the process and indicate that process was physisorption adsorption system.

Keywords: Trifolium alexandrinum, FTIR-spectra, pHpzc, Langmuir isotherm.

Electromagnetic Waves in Metamaterials Waveguides Burhan Zamir1*, Aqib Nisar2 and Babar Shahzad2 1Department of Physics, Govt. Graduate College, Township, Lahore, Pakistan 2Department of Physics, Division of Science & Technology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Pakistan *Correspondence: burhanzamir1@gmail.com

Abstract: A theoretical investigation of electromagnetic waves in a perfect conducting parallel-plate waveguide filled with single-negative and double negative metamaterials has been carried out. In this work, we study the wave propagation properties when parallel conducting plates are filled with a (a) conventional (linear, homogeneous and isotropic) dielectric medium (b) metamaterials. In this connection, the dispersion relations for the TE and TM wave modes for both cases have been derived. The dispersion characteristics of the electromagnetic waves are graphically presented by plotting the dispersion relation for the propagation frequency versus the wave vector for different values of the dimensions of the waveguide and the number of modes for the case (a), whereas for case (b), we analyze the dispersion characteristics by plotting the propagation frequency versus the wave vector for different number of modes. The dispersion characteristics show propagation and non-propagation regions in the microwave frequency range. These band gap effects can be used in the design and applications of waveguide structures e.g. filters, sensors etc.
Keywords: Electromagnetic waves, TE, TM, dispersion, waveguide, band gap.

Relation between boundaries of Lithological Members and bio- Assemblage Zones, At Chidru Formation, Western Salt range, Pakistan Zia-ul-Reman Department of Botany, Govt. Graduate College of Science Wahdat Road Lahore *Correspondence: palynologist_02@yahoo.com

 Abstract: Three stratigraphically measured sections (Chidru, Nammal and Zaluch) of Chidru Formation were studied for the first time in Pakistan. Total two hundred and one samples were palynologically examined to find a relation between boundaries of Lithological members and bio- assemblage zones. According to International Sub-Commission Classification, the zone is a term to denote a minor startigraphic interval in any category of stratigraphic classification. On the bases of stratigraphic aspects different zones can be identified. The biozone basically is fundamental unit of biostratigraphic categorization. It encompasses a set of certain rocks having unique palynomorphs, which are particular to it. Usually the biozones are divided into four basic types viz; i) Assemblage Zones, ii) Range Zones, iii) Acme Zones and iv) Interval Zone. As assemblage zone is defined as type of biozone, which has a group of more than two biological genera or taxa. An assemblage zone can have assemblages that are restricted in terms of geographical or stratigraphical distribution or it can include more than one assemblage of same age having similar palynological categories. Based on analysis of palynoflora, at the type locality (Chidru Gorge) of Chidru Formation, the following four assemblage zones a) Gondisporites – Nevesisporites, b) Denispollenites – Protohaploxypinus ,c) Camptotriletes – Lunatisporites, d) Jayantisporites – Klausipollentis  were established. The similar zones were found in   more two localities of this Formation, which were also investigated during this work i.e. Zaluch and Nammal Gorges. It was clearly evident that the bio-zones boundaries and Lithological Members boundaries are different and do not overlap each other. 
Keywords: Chidru, Nammal, Zaluch, Gondisporites, Nevesisporites, Klausipollentis.

“Vaccines and Vaccination for viral diseases” with focus on SARS-CoV2 vaccines currently being used Dr. Rabia Nawaz1 1Department of biological sciences, Superior University, Raiwind road, Lahore. *Corresponding author: rabia.nawaz8@gmail.com

Abstract­­: Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2, SARS-COV-2, appeared to be a deadly pandemic since 2019 and has become the subject of research since then. The virus is mutating periodically and for that we need to effectively administer drugs for the treatment. Directly acting antivirals are comparatively a newer class of drugs used to treat viral infections. Some of these antivirals are effective against COVID-19, such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir etc. Whereas the best strategy is the administration of preventive measures, major of those being a topic of debate around the world, the vaccine. This talk will encompass an introduction to modern vaccine making strategies with focus on Covid19 available vaccines. The pros and cons of getting vaccinated vs not getting vaccinated. And also, the debate going around booster shots.

Keywords:  respiratory syndrome 2, SARS-COV-2, pandemic, COVID-19

Choice of Components in Sodium Ion Batteries Muhammad Tariq Nadeem1 1Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore *Corresponding author: muhammadtariqnadeemgic@gmail.com

Abstract:  With the most recent materials discovered in research, the current condition of surrounding temperature sodium ion batteries is noticed. Despite their early stage of development, these devices have the potential to be good for broader grid storage applications. It is only for the cheap sodium, which is abundant in all components. Despite the fact that alternative electrolytic materials are required for twofold intercalation sodium setups. The most recent fabrication data obtained for exceptionally efficient Li-ion batteries can be used to confirm quick development in industry. New anode materials, in particular, must be developed because the graphite anode, which is in frequent use for lithium batteries. Sodium has not been injected at any meaningful amount. With efficient layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds, cathodes offer a greater range of choices. Even though current electrode advancements are exciting, much more study is required.

Keywords: Sodium-ion, Li-ion, polyanionic compounds, electrolytic material

Fluid Flow Analysis through a straight channel with ANSYS FluentNazim Ali 1,*, Muhammad Javaid Afzal1  1Department of Physics, Govt. Islamia Graduate Civil lines college Lahore *Corresponding author: ziaullah347@yahoo.com

 Abstract: Computational fluid dynamics analysis gives complete vision of flow rates of fluids. In order to analyze the Fluid Flow of a liquid through a channel, ANSYS Fluent Flow Simulation is used in this study. In this simulation fluid flowing through a straight channel. The capability to analyze the flow rate through a channel can be time gaining and can be expensive without simulation.  A pipe has been made through design modeler and meshed in mesh analysis. Flow rate (1.3×10¹ m³/s) has been calculated by the pressure and velocity contours. Fluid flow analysis is basically virtual testing and predicting the efficiency of channels which includes fluid flow. There are large number of systems which involves fluid flow. Fluid flow analysis is utilized to design and progress the efficiency of such systems.

Fuzzy Based Approach for Microfluidic Simulation and Analysis of Electrostatic Micro-pumpMuhammad Sajid1, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf1, Shahzadi Tayyaba2, Maham Akhlaq1 1 Department of Physics (Electronics), GC University Lahore 2 Department of Computer Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore *Correspondence: muhammad.waseem.ashraf@gmail.com

Keywords: CFD, ANSYS, Straight Channel, Flow Rate

Abstract: Micro-pumps are becoming an essential part of bio-medical and electronics. Its applications in drug delivery and insulin delivery is becoming an important research area. With two types including mechanical and non-mechanical micro-pump, this technology is rapidly growing. Among various different types of micro-pump, electro-static micro-pump is considered efficient and easy to use and design. In this work the process parameters of the electro-static micro-pump are analyzed using the MATLAB fuzzy rule-based system. The voltage applied and frequency is taken as input and its effect on flow rate and back pressure as output is analyzed. The results show that the voltage and well as frequency increase the flow rate resulting in the decrease in back pressure. The error between the simulation and calculated values are less than 0.5% which shows the accuracy of the calculations.

Keywords: Micro-pump, Electro-static micro-pump, frequency, voltage, flow rate.

Analysis of Vibrating Frequencies on Hard Disk Drive Suspension Tashkeel Abbas Alvi1, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf1, Shahzadi Tayyaba2 1 Department of Physics (Electronics), GC University Lahore 2 Department of Computer Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore *Correspondence: muhammad.waseem.ashraf@gmail.com

Abstract: Hard disk drive is categorized as an important and essential part of computer system. It is a non-volatile memory with better read and write capacity. Hard disk drive consists of a suspension that moves to and fro to read and write data. The suspension vibrates with frequency lower than its resonance frequency to transfer data. In this work, ANSYS simulation tool was used to analyze the frequency modes for the hard disk drive suspension at frequency lower than the resonance frequency. The deflection, stress, strain, shear stress and shear strain are studied to analyze the effect of low voltage of 300 Hz and high voltage of 15000 Hz. The deflection for to and fro motion of suspension increases at high frequencies.  At low frequency, graph between sum of deflection and translational displacement shows a linear trend and then a sudden constant value at around 89 um of displacement. In case of higher frequency of 15000 Hz, the trend of translational displacement and sum of deflection is linear which shows better vibration modes near to resonance frequency. The results depict that at low frequency, less deflection and displacement are observed which make the read and write of data slow. At high frequency the deflection of the read and write probe is higher which make reading and writing of data more quickly as compared to the low frequency mode.

Keywords: hard disk drive, deflection, frequency, ANSYS

Simulation and Analysis of the Electromagnetic Micro-Pump for Drug Delivery Mehar Muhammad Asif1, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf1, Shahzadi Tayyaba2, Maham Akhlaq1 1Department of Physics (Electronics), GC University Lahore 2Department of Computer Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore *Correspondence: muhammad.waseem.ashraf@gmail.com

Abstract: Micro-fluidic devices are getting enormous attention in the field of printing, bio-medical as well as material science and chemistry. These devices have the ability to pass fluid in micro range which makes then suitable for drug delivery and insulin delivery as well as other medical applications. Various types of micro-fluidic devices are currently being used in medical field including mechanical and non-mechanical micro-fluidic devices. The actuation for pumping the fluid in a micro-fluidic device can be achieved using various different phenomenon’ including electric, magnetic, piezo, electromagnetic and electrostatic rules. In this work electro-magnetic micro-pumps are analyzed and parametric estimation of their input parameters and the effect of input parameters on the output are analyzed. Results show that the magnetic field is directly influencing the flow rate as well as the velocity of the fluid that the micro-fluidic device is pumping. With increase in magnetic field, more energy is delivered to the charges of the fluid resulting in increase in its velocity and flow rate. On the other hand, the diameter of the micro-pump decreases the flow rate as well as the velocity. The simulated and calculated values from the MAMDANI model are similar to each other with error less than 1% which shows the precision of the system.

Keywords: Micro-fluidic devices, electro-magnetic micro-pump, velocity, flow rate.

Total Deformation Analysis of a Wooden Log through ANSYS Muhammad Sufyan1,*, Muhammad Javaid Afzal1 1Department of Physics, Govt. Islamia Graduate Civil lines college Lahore. *Correspondence: sanisaith@gmail.com

Abstract: Deformation is the alteration of a body from a reference configuration to a present configuration. It can occur as a result of external loads. Its findings in ANSYS Static Structural can be shown as total deformation. The continuum absolutely resumes its initial configuration in this condition. However, permanent deformations persist. They endure to remain even after the pressure has been removed. It is used to calculate displacements based on stresses. The design modeler program is used to create the design of a wooden log. Young’s modulus and poison’s ratio are added in engineering data for wood. Elements (70) and nodes (560) were generated as a result of meshing analysis. After fixing one end, stress was applied and a thorough deformation study was undertaken.

Keywords: Deformation, ANSYS Static Structural, Mesh Analysis, Stress.

Morphogenetic Effects of Selenium on Helianthus annuus L. SeedlingsMuhammad Asif Department of Botany, Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, Pakistan *Correspondence: pro.m.asif.g@gmail.com

Abstract: The current experiment has been conducted to find out the morphogenetic effects of selenium on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants. The purpose of study was to know the changes in external and internal morphology of plants after the application of selenium (Na2SeO3) at different concentrations. The experiment was carried out in Botanical Garden of Islamia Postgraduate College, Civil Lines, Lahore, by using earthen pots. To accomplish this work, 125 seeds of Helianthus annuus (Altis-99) of equal size and good vigor were selected. At equal distance, five seeds were sown in each pot filled with 3kg of soil. The pots were kept in sequence. Three replicates (R1, R2, R3) for control and three for each treatment i.e., 25ppm Na2SeO3, 50ppm Na2SeO3, 75ppm Na2SeO3 and 100ppm Na2SeO3 were set up. Sodium Selenite (Na2SeO3) in the form of solution was applied after every 48 hours in following order i.e., 25ppm Na2SeO3, 50ppm Na2SeO3, 75ppm Na2SeO3 and 100ppm Na2SeO3. To determine the effects of these concentrations of Na2SeO3, 25 days old plants were harvested and their morphological and anatomical parameters were studied. We observed and analyzed enhanced growth in length of root, diameter of root, length of stem, length of 1st internode, diameter of 1st internode, diameter at base of 1st node, length of stem base to cotyledons, number of leaves, area of leaves (cm2) and area of cotyledons (cm2) in plants treated with 25ppm Na2SeO3, while, growth was retarded in plants treated with 50ppm, 75ppm and 100ppm of Na2SeO3 solutions. Similarly, we recorded increase in growth parameters of internal morphology of root, stem and leaves i.e., epidermal cell length, epidermal cell width, size of cortical cells, mesophyll cell and metaxylem. Treatments of 50ppm Na2SeO3, 75ppm Na2SeO3 and 100ppm Na2SeO3 caused reduction in growth in these anatomical parameters.

Microbial Analysis of Fresh Apple juice in District LahoreAli Askari Department of Botany, Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, Pakistan *Correspondence: aliaskari6633@gmail.com

Keywords: Selenium; sunflower (Helianthus annuus); morphology; replicates; growth parameters; sodium selenite (Na2SeO3).

Abstract: The juice of fresh apple is a perfect diet. It is essential for the physical fitness for a person in daily life. The freshly prepared apple juice saves people from many diseases like dehydration, cancer of colon, gastroenteritis and obesity. It contains sugars like glucose, fructose, sucrose and minerals like calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc and potassium which are used in growth and developmental processes. It has role in homeostatic and neuroprotective functions in human body. My purpose of microbial analysis of fresh apple juice is to control the foodborne pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella. These microbes contaminate the fresh apple juice and render its quality. I visited three regions of District Lahore to analyze the microbes present in the apple juice. These regions were Shahdara, Anarkali and Model Town. I collected fifty apple juice samples from these areas. The experiments were performed to analyze the foodborne pathogens in the apple juice. For this purpose, the homogenate was prepared by mixing of 25g media in 225ml distilled water to final volume 250ml. The plating was done to detect the E. coli and Salmonella bacteria in the apple juice. EMB (Eosin methylene blue) media was used for E. coli and S.S agar (Salmonella/Shigella agar) was used to detect Salmonella bacteria. Out of fifty samples of apple juice nearly 76% were above the threshold value and up to 24% were below the threshold value of World Health Organization. It was observed that the Model Town area was more contaminated by foodborne pathogens than Shahdara and Anarkali.

Keywords: Physical fitness; diseases; foodborne pathogens; homogenate; threshold value.

Digital Learning and Skills Enrichment with authorized certificates Syed Jawad Hussain Department of Physics, Govt. Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore, Pakistan *Correspondence: gardexionline@gmail.com

Abstract: Digital learning is a method of teaching that benefits students, teachers, professors, and researchers in the long run. It employs a variety of technology-assisted educational methodologies. Therefore, Physics department at GIGCCL has decided to pave the way for our students and faculty members to enrich their digital and computational skills by providing them a piece of information about free online certifications from Coursera, Udemy, Microsoft, Google, etc. In addition to that we will introduce to our members and students about other relevant platforms like commonwealth-learning-program and initiatives taken by Government of Pakistan such as HEC, NAVTTC, etc. about HI-TECH courses of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Big Data, Certificate in IT, Programming Languages, etc. for free certifications.

Keywords: Free Certifications, Computational Research Tools, Digital Learning, HEC, NAVTTC         

Sustainable Expansion of Smart Cities by using Cloud ComputingImran Tariq1, Valentina Emilia Balas2 1Department of Computer Science, Govt Graduate College, Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore 2University of ARAD Romania *Correspondence: imrantariqbutt@yahoo.com

Abstract: Smart cities are attractive, attractive and challenging for new technologies such as IoT, deep learning, fog computing, cloud computing and pervasive computing. Everything in the modern city is connected to other things. Emerging Smart City Solutions Learn how cities thrive in service response, data collection, analytics, and civic engagement. With sensors and tools, you can browse, customize and adjust everything in real-time. Cloud computing and smart citizens have many services. You can use these services immediately. Smart cities can respond quickly and intelligently to living needs, environmental protection, public protection and their contributions to the city. Cloud is now broadly accepted in many fields. All information is now available in the cloud, enabling customers to access all communications anytime, anywhere. What are the benefits of cloud computing? How cloud computing facilitates the development of smart cities and the appropriate social conditions are being developed to develop the infrastructure required to build smart cities using cloud computing. A new way to share the existing resources and use as navigation and applications from infrastructure and management views. Governments around the world are giving specific attention to IT, artificial intelligence and cloud computing to introduce new knowledges and smart cities. The author finds out the role of new technologies in modern cities.

Keywords: Smart cities, IoT, Cloud computing, environmental protection.

Secure Cloud based Health related Data using Blockchain Technology Imran Tariq1, Valentina Emilia Balas2, Marius Balas2, Dana Rad2 1Department of Computer Science, Govt Graduate College, Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore 2University of ARAD Romania *Correspondence: imrantariqbutt@yahoo.com

 Abstract: The blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and Deep learning are progressive technologies that are shifting the medical system of professional nursing around the world. In healthcare, the Internet of Thing is a distant patient nursing system. Information needs to be carefully protected to facilitate the exchange of information with diverse hospitals. Blockchain is a regionalized, and consistent digital pamphlet that records medical transactions from peer-to-peer technology in the safest way. Use the cloud computing to store large amounts of health care information. Information from Internet of Things devices uses blockchain methods to securely share medical information analyzed by medical professionals throughout the hospital. The goal is to leverage remote patient monitoring to overcome data breaches.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, blockchain, Deep learning, Internet of Thing.

Simulation and Analysis of Biodegradable PGA Dissolving MicroneedleNimra Tariq1,2, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf1, and Shahzadi Tayyaba3 1 Government College University Lahore, Pakistan 2 Superior University Lahore, Pakistan 3 The University of Lahore, Pakistan *Correspondence: muhammad.waseem.ashraf@gmail.com

Abstract: Dissolving microneedle is a microscopic range needle typically with a length less than 100 μm. It is made from natural active materials or drugs/vaccines needed to be delivered. Dissolving microneedle normally delivers precise drugs in a slightly invasive manner. Biodegradable polymers are mostly used for the fabrication of dissolving microneedles. Biodegradable polymers have prodigious potential and are extensively used in many biomedical applications due to their great biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, a simulation of PGA dissolving microneedle having a circular-obelisk shape with 600 µm in height and 200 µm in diameter is performed. ANSYS (Finite Element Analysis) tool has been used for the analysis and simulation of PGA dissolving microneedle to control the shape that reduces utmost all forces triggered during the skin penetrating process. The simulation results of dissolving microneedle are conclusively demonstrating that the forces due to the applied loads remained below the yield strength of the Polyglycolide (PGA).

Fig. ANSYS simulation Results for PGA dissolving microneedle

Keywords: Dissolving microneedle, drugs/vaccines, Finite Element Analysis.

Analysis of Fluid Flow and Convection Heat Transfer in MicrochannelsSaher Manzoor1, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf1, Shahzadi Tayyaba1 1Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore. 1Department of Computer Engineering, The University of Lahore. *Correspondence: muhammad.waseem.ashraf@gmail.com

Abstract: Fluid flow and heat transfer analysis at the micro-level are among the numerous essential research areas at present. A microfluid system has a length range from 1-100 µm, and the flow at the micro-level is different from the large scale. In electronic devices, high heat flux thermal management is done by using clusters of microchannels. Thus, the microchannel system must consider the effects of flow and temperature jump. In the present study, we designed three-dimensional microchannels. Computational simulations and analysis were performed by taking Real-life conditions into account. The fluid flow’s pressure, velocity, and temperature distribution in the microchannels are studied. The fluid flow properties considered for the simulations were laminar and incompressible fluid flow with constant properties. The study shows that the simulated results are comparable to the calculated results, and the results can be successfully used for application purposes.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: Microfluid, Heat transfer, microchannel, high heat flux.

Parametric estimation Organic single molecules Electric conductivity measurement through assemblies of molecules by using STM. Muhammad Faisal Wasim1, Kinza Imtiaz2 1Department of Physics, Government Dyal Singh Graduate College, Lahore 2Government College Universities, Lahore

 Abstract: The future micro and nano devices demand the single or cluster of molecules electric conduction measurement and its simulation and parametric estimation for its operation. Phenol molecules are taken as cluster for its application as the organic conductive molecules. The molecules are absorbed on the gold conducting surface and then a Scanning Electron Microscope has used for the conducting molecules for more than hundreds of times to get its statistical.  A bench mark analysis has developed at the last regarding the application of the biomedical devices. MATLAB and ANSYS has used for both the analysis with as self-designed experimental setup of STM.

Keywords: Electron Diffusion, STM, Single molecules conductance, ANSYS